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A UMNS Feature
By Heather Hahn*
6:00 P.M. EST Feb. 18, 2011
IBM’s Watson competes and wins against “Jeopardy!’s” two celebrated
contestants — Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter. Photo courtesy of IBM/Jeff
Gluck.
Competing against two occasionally frustrated humans, Watson made winning “Jeopardy!” look elementary.
The final tally for the IBM supercomputer was $77,147, compared to $24,000 for Ken Jennings and $21,600 for Brad Rutter.
Ace human player Jennings, famed for winning 74 games in a row on the TV quiz show, perhaps summed up the situation best.
“I, for one, welcome our new computer overlords,” he wrote on his Final
Jeopardy answer, riffing off a line from a “Simpsons” episode.
So does that mean humanity as we know it is destined to become as obsolete as last year’s iPhone?
Philip Clayton, a theology professor and administrator at United Methodist-affiliated Claremont School of Theology, is not too worried.
“The day a computer can write a sermon better than I and my pastoral
colleagues can write, then I start getting anxious,” he joked.
Still, Clayton and other Christian thinkers acknowledge that the recent
rapid advances of technology can present both great opportunities to
make the world better and great temptations to abuse God’s gifts.
Watson’s triumph, a step forward for artificial intelligence, is in some
ways emblematic of that challenge. With the three-day showdown, the IBM
researchers proved a computer can combine great speed, encyclopedic
knowledge, analytical power and an understanding of wordplay and the
nuances of human language.
In short, the supercomputer named for IBM founder Thomas J. Watson Sr.
is a reminder that human-devised machines can sometimes beat us at our
game.
Team machine
About a century ago, the term “computer” did not refer to a machine but
to a person. Back then, computers — many of them women — provided
calculations and numerical analysis for engineering firms, universities
and other businesses.
Where companies once had human computers, they now have information technology departments.
But as Watson’s win demonstrates, computers are becoming increasingly human-like.
Thomas J. Watson Sr. is the founder of IBM and namesake of the
supercomputer. A 1920 file photos courtesy of IBM Corporate Archives.
Some thinkers envision a time when humans and computers will once again be one and the same.
The futurist Raymond Kurzweil
predicts that by 2045, technology will have advanced enough to achieve
what he calls “the singularity,” in which machines smarter than humans
can build machines smarter than themselves. Fellow futurists speculate
that humans will one day be able to merge with robots or upload their
consciousnesses onto computers, becoming virtually immortal.
Clayton, who specializes in science and ethics, dismisses that idea,
saying singularity believers have not done much to prove their case.
Jaydee Hanson, a United Methodist ethicist and policy director for the
International Center for Technological Assessment in Washington, agrees
such “transhumanism” is unlikely to happen.
For the foreseeable future, he said the most likely human-machine
interface will take the form of medical aids, such as the neural
implants that soothe Parkinson’s patients.
But that does not mean computers won’t continue to encroach onto domains once thought to belong solely to humans.
“The question we need to be asking the computers of the future is: How
do they help us have more empathy, how do they help us better care for
our neighbor?” he said. “Some of the applications certainly will do
that.”
He pointed to the example of his son, who programs computer models that
predict how much runoff a community will experience in storms. Such
models help villages in Rwanda determine how big a cistern they will
build.
As computers grow more sophisticated, the challenge Christians will face
is to continue listening to what their faith tells them to do and never
forget the sovereignty of God, Hanson said.
“Jesus had three temptations. One was to use political power improperly,
one was to use spiritual power improperly and the third was to use
technical power improperly,” he said. “To change a stone into bread is
the same temptation that some of these technologies bring to us.”
Jesus responded to his temptation by quoting Deuteronomy, pointing out
that humankind does not live by bread alone, but by God’s word.
“That’s a reminder: You live because of God’s provision, not because of your own creativity,” Hanson said.
IBM Research unveils the Watson supercomputer, which can detect nuances in words, irony and riddles. Photo courtesy of IBM.
Team human
The Rev. K Karpen, senior pastor of Church of St. Paul and St. Andrew United Methodist,
is not much of a “Jeopardy!” fan, but like so many, he was eager to
tune in each night to see how Watson fared against human champions.
The competition got him thinking about the differences between human and computer.
He thinks there is a part of God that would be delighted by the IBM
researchers’ accomplishments the same way he is delighted when his
9-year-old son does something inventive.
Still, he pointed out, even Watson made mistakes many people would not.
On the second night of the competition, the computer botched the Final
Jeopardy question. The category was U.S. cities and the clue: “Its
largest airport is named for a World War II hero; its second largest for
a World War II battle.”
The correct answer is, “What is Chicago?” Watson had guessed Toronto, seemingly oblivious that it is not a U.S. city.
“I think either we’re designing machines that can help us do our jobs
better or we’re designing machines to take over and do all jobs for us,”
Karpen said. “I don’t think we’re necessarily going in the second
direction.”
There will always be a fundamental essence that separates computers from
humans, argues Paul Griffiths, a theology professor at United
Methodist-affiliated Duke Divinity School.
Included in that essence are virtues such as generosity. The humans
behind IBM plan to demonstrate that generosity with Watson’s win. IBM
will split its $1 million prize between two charities.
One recipient is a group that enables individuals to donate unused
computer time to medical research. The second is an international
Christian humanitarian group.
*Hahn is a multimedia news reporter for United Methodist News Service.
News media contact: Heather Hahn, Nashville, Tenn., (615) 742-5470 or newsdesk@umcom.org.
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